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## Tour
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### Title
tour.name = WINDOWOLOGY: STUDY OF WINDOWS IN JAPAN
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### Title
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## Popup
### Body
htmlText_25EB4CBE_36B6_BBD0_41A6_2F12BDC8D2FD.html = What kinds of windows are Japan’s architects designing for houses today? These are Japanese windows captured by French photographer Jérémie Souteyrat. In his photobook tokyo no ie (Tokyo houses; 2014), which shows Japanese houses in Tokyo within the neighbourhoods in which they were built, you can see how the orientation, size and position of the windows have carefully been adjusted in response to sightlines and their surroundings. The windows of houses in provincial cities instead are designed to relate to the natural environment, as seen in Souteyrat’s work for Japan, Archipelago of The House (2014). You can also catch glimpses of the occupants of the spaces lounging beside their windows.
Chashitsu okoshi-ezu
(Teahouse Fold-up Plans) Vol.1
Shiguretei, Kōdai Temple
Bokusui Shobō, 1963
Chashitsu okoshi-ezu
(Teahouse Fold-up Plans) Vol.1
Kasatei, Kōdai Temple
Bokusui Shobō, 1963
Windows and craftspeople act as partners in Japanese workplaces where work is conducted by hand. Windows take part in the manufacturing processes by bringing in or expelling elements of nature, such as light, wind, heat, smoke and steam. The properties of materials such as clay, wood, cloth and paper are transformed around such ‘working windows’, and craftspeople hone their sensitivity and skills by acutely sensing these changes through their everyday work. Windows hence establish links between various things and their behaviours, and in doing so, they enable us to understand the ecologies that surround us.
Windowology is a one-of-a-kind project that was launched in 2007. Over the years, the research themes it has covered have grown to encompass a wide range of subjects, including design, language, the environment, health, people, history and art. This variety can be attributed to the fact that windows are not only important design elements; they are also tied to people’s behaviours and reflect social, cultural and technological conditions. In 2017, the Window Research Institute celebrated its 10th anniversary by holding an exhibition in Tokyo that aimed to share the joys and wonders of looking at the world from the perspective of windows. This travelling exhibition is based on the Tokyo exhibition but has been remade for an international audience. Specifically, we have added more content that conveys the fun and intrigue of windows found in Japanese architecture, from the past to the present day. Compared to Western windows that are made as holes in masonry walls of stone or brick, openings in Japan’s timber post-and-beam architecture are distinct in that interiors can be transformed into continuous wall-less spaces by removing fixtures. Japanese teahouses, in contrast, are conceived as closed boxes that are punctured with an assortment of openings, and for this, they hold a special place in Japanese architectural history. A 1/1 scale installation of a teahouse is on display in the multimedia exhibition, which also features drawings, models, photographs, film, artwork, manga, literature and books. We hope it will help you come to appreciate how the window is the single most fascinating component of architecture.
Igarashi Taro
Exhibition Director
The pandemic has cast a new view upon windows. Precisely because we are living in a time where people spend more time in their homes, windows establish a connection between the indoors and the outdoors. In addition, windows have two opposite functions: opening and closing, which coincide with the current challenges, be it the resumption of economic activities or the lockdown, which prioritizes people’s safety. At the same time, because it is transparent, a window’s glass allows us to see beyond, but it also works as a physical shield.
In this pandemic world, we have expanded the possibilities of connecting with distant places, through the computer, which can be seen as the “window” of the new times. On the other hand, people have probably revisited the role of the traditional window, which connects us to the real world of the outside landscape and neighbors. Operas were sung on balconies, messages of gratitude were conveyed to health professionals, and things were delivered and received through the window itself, showing its unique power in these times of crisis.
We hope that the WINDOWOLOGY exhibition will encourage reflection so that visitors can reconsider the possibilities a window can provide.
Igarashi Taro curator
Permeated with symbology and poetic attributions, windows are portrayed in this exhibition as an object of analysis and a key to a broad cultural understanding. With traditional and contemporary examples, and in different areas, such as architecture, literature, the visual arts, films, manga, and craft processes, the WINDOWOLOGY exhibition was conceived by the Window Research Institute and will be presented at three Japan Houses around the world as part of a touring exhibition program implemented by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
Therefore, we are pleased to introduce our audience to the countless approach possibilities, to the depth, and to the creativity of perceptions on the subject, thus creating yet another connection, a window to Japan.
Valuing something that is right next to us is not always an immediate perception. However, all we have to do is think about the consequences of their absence, especially in times of confinement and isolation, that you suddenly understand why windows deserve such deference.
Natasha Barzaghi Geenen
Cultural Director at Japan House São Paulo
An incorporated foundation dedicated to contributing to the development of architectural culture through collecting and disseminating a wide range of ideas and knowledge related to windows and architecture, supporting research and organizing cultural initiatives. The research project “Windowology” was launched as part of these activities by Window Research Institute based on the belief that ‘windows represent civilization and culture’. In addition to conducting research activities, the Institute has been working together with other research institutions, museums, private agencies etc. both in and outside Japan on international interdisciplinary project.
What kinds of windows are Japan’s architects designing for houses today? These are Japanese windows captured by French photographer Jérémie Souteyrat. In his photobook tokyo no ie (Tokyo houses; 2014), which shows Japanese houses in Tokyo within the neighbourhoods in which they were built, you can see how the orientation, size and position of the windows have carefully been adjusted in response to sightlines and their surroundings. The windows of houses in provincial cities instead are designed to relate to the natural environment, as seen in Souteyrat’s work for Japan, Archipelago of The House (2014). You can also catch glimpses of the occupants of the spaces lounging beside their windows.
The Japanese teahouse (chashitsu) is a special architectural structure which features many types of windows in a small space. These include renji-mado (windows made from wooden slats), maru-mado (round windows), tsukiage-mado (hatch skylights) and shitaji-mado (windows made by exposing the lattice framework of the wall). Yōsuitei, which is also known as the Jūsansōnoseki (Thirteen-window sitting room), has the most windows among all existing teahouses. This is a full-scale replica of Yōsuitei created by enlarging an original okoshi-ezu, a fold-up three-dimensional architectural plan made with handmade Japanese paper (washi). These models, which represent the spaces of Japanese teahouses, were utilized by tea masters and carpenters when reviewing and developing designs.
Manga, or Japanese comics, reflect the daily lives of the people. For Windowology, they are valuable materials for understanding the relationship between people and windows. One Windowology project extracted every scene with a window, and classified the activities depicted in them, from three Japanese manga series that were popular throughout Japan after WWII. Shown here are 11 window-related episodes from Japan’s most famous yonkoma manga (four-cell comic strip), Sazae-san. The series revolves around a multi-generational household in Tokyo. It appeared in newspapers from 1946 to 1974, and it contains many scenes that induce nostalgia among Japanese people today.
In Japan’s wood-based architecture, window-like components installed in the gaps between columns are referred to as ‘hashirama sōchi’ (devices between columns). Specifically, they can take the form of walls or fixtures, such as shōji (sliding translucent screens) and fusuma (sliding partitions). The diversity and dynamism of these intercolumnar elements are considered the source of the richness of Japanese architecture. One example of this is Kikugetsutei, a teahouse which stands beside a pond in the Ritsurin Garden in Kagawa Prefecture. This short film captures the dramatic changes that the building undergoes over the course of a day. The piece was selected for showing at the 2018 International Film Festival Rotterdam.
Windows are made to be opened in all sorts of ways. Windows in Japan are most commonly designed to slide horizontally, whereas windows in Europe and the Americas commonly slide vertically. The German-born dreh-kipp (‘turn-tilt’) window, which can be tilted or swung inwards using a handle, has been popular for a long time in Europe, but it is rare in Japan. An example of a window named after a country is the French window, which swings opens from the middle. Windows are very much cultural products that are tied to the peculiarities of their local contexts. In this exhibit, the various movements of windows are abstracted and expressed through sound and images.
Windows also function fundamentally as environmental control devices. However, the role of the window changed dramatically during the 20th century. Buildings became equipped with mechanical heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems and supplied with great amounts of energy, resulting in the emergence of high-rise buildings with windows that do not open. But now, with the growing demand for sustainable architecture, the role of the window as an interface with the outdoor environment has gained renewed importance. One could say that there is a new interest in architecture that ‘breathes’ and interacts with nature. In this exhibit, you can see how heat, light and wind behave around openings in Japanese houses.
Windows drive stories. Various things happen around them; they are where people meet, exchange gazes and engage in conversation. In the world of fiction, windows often stimulate our imaginations, functioning, for example, as entrances to other worlds. Stories can also tell us what people who are not architects think about windows. In this section, you can see how windows are depicted in stories mainly from Japan. Enjoy the magical power of the architecture of the window.
Chashitsu okoshi-ezu
(Teahouse Fold-up Plans) Vol.3
Teahouse, Konchi-in, Nanzen Temple
Bokusui Shobō, 1964
Chashitsu okoshi-ezu
(Teahouse Fold-up Plans) Vol.1
Garden, Daisen-in, Daitoku Temple
Bokusui Shobō, 1963